在这项工作中，我们探讨了肺结核（TB）咳嗽分类的复发性神经网络体系结构。与以前在该领域实施深层体系结构的尝试不成功的尝试相反，我们表明基本的双向长期记忆网络（BILSTM）可以提高性能。此外，我们表明，通过与新提供的基于注意力的架构一起进行贪婪的特征选择，该体系结构学习患者不变特征，与基线和其他所考虑的架构相比，可以实现更好的概括。此外，这种注意机制允许检查被认为对进行分类很重要的音频信号的时间区域。最后，我们开发了一种神经风格转移技术来推断理想的输入，随后可以分析。我们发现结核病和非结核咳嗽的理想功率谱之间存在明显的差异，这些功率光谱为音频信号中特征的起源提供了线索。

我们提出了一个基于深度学习的自动咳嗽分类器，可以区分结核病（TB）与Covid-19咳嗽和健康咳嗽。 TB和Covid-19都是呼吸道疾病，具有传染性，咳嗽是一种主要的症状，每年夺走了数千人的生命。在室内和室外设置都收集了咳嗽的录音，并使用来自全球各地受试者的智能手机上传，因此包含各种噪声。该咳嗽数据包括1.68小时的结核病咳嗽，18.54分钟的咳嗽，咳嗽和1.69小时的健康咳嗽，47例TB患者，229例Covid-19患者和1498例健康患者，并用于培训和评估CNN，LSTM和Resnet505050 。这三个深度体系结构在2.14小时的打喷嚏，2.91小时的语音和2.79小时的噪音中也进行了预训练，以提高性能。通过使用SMOTE数据平衡技术并使用诸如F1得分和AUC之类的性能指标来解决我们数据集中的类不平衡。我们的研究表明，从预先训练的RESNET50中获得了最高的0.9259和0.8631的F1分数，两级（TB与CoVID-19）和三级（TB VS VS COVID-19与健康）的咳嗽分类，咳嗽分类，，咳嗽分类任务，三级（TB vs vs covid-19）分别。深度转移学习的应用改善了分类器的性能，并使它们更加坚固，因为它们在交叉验证折叠上更好地概括了。他们的表现超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）设定的结核病分类测试要求。产生最佳性能的功能包含MFCC的高阶，这表明人耳朵无法感知结核病和COVID-19之间的差异。这种类型的咳嗽音频分类是非接触，具有成本效益的，并且可以轻松地部署在智能手机上，因此它可以成为TB和COVID-19筛查的绝佳工具。

我们提出“唤醒咳嗽”，这是使用resnet50咳嗽到咳嗽的应用，并使用i-vectors识别咳嗽者，以实现长期的个性化咳嗽监测系统。咳嗽记录在一个安静（73 $ \ pm $ 5 dB）和嘈杂（34 $ \ pm $ 17 dB）环境中，用于提取I-向量，X-向量和D-向量，用作分类器的功能。当使用MLP使用2-SEC长咳嗽片段在嘈杂的环境中使用MLP区分51个咳嗽者时，该系统可以达到90.02 \％的精度。当在安静环境中使用更长（100秒）段的5和14个咳嗽者区分5至14个咳嗽者时，这种准确性分别提高到99.78％和98.39％。与语音不同，I-向量在识别咳嗽者方面的表现优于X-向量和D-向量。这些咳嗽是在Google语音命令数据集中添加的额外类，并通过在触发短语中保存端到端的时间域信息来提取功能。使用RESNET50在35个其他触发短语中发现咳嗽时，达到了88.58％的最高精度。因此，Wake咳嗽代表了一个个性化的，非侵入性的咳嗽监测系统，该系统的功率有效，因为在设备上的唤醒词检测可以使基于智能手机的监视设备大多处于休眠状态。这使伴尾咳嗽在多床病房环境中极具吸引力，以监测患者从肺部疾病（例如结核病（TB）和Covid-19）中的长期恢复。

View-dependent effects such as reflections pose a substantial challenge for image-based and neural rendering algorithms. Above all, curved reflectors are particularly hard, as they lead to highly non-linear reflection flows as the camera moves. We introduce a new point-based representation to compute Neural Point Catacaustics allowing novel-view synthesis of scenes with curved reflectors, from a set of casually-captured input photos. At the core of our method is a neural warp field that models catacaustic trajectories of reflections, so complex specular effects can be rendered using efficient point splatting in conjunction with a neural renderer. One of our key contributions is the explicit representation of reflections with a reflection point cloud which is displaced by the neural warp field, and a primary point cloud which is optimized to represent the rest of the scene. After a short manual annotation step, our approach allows interactive high-quality renderings of novel views with accurate reflection flow. Additionally, the explicit representation of reflection flow supports several forms of scene manipulation in captured scenes, such as reflection editing, cloning of specular objects, reflection tracking across views, and comfortable stereo viewing. We provide the source code and other supplemental material on https://repo-sam.inria.fr/ fungraph/neural_catacaustics/

Edge computing is changing the face of many industries and services. Common edge computing models offload computing which is prone to security risks and privacy violation. However, advances in deep learning enabled Internet of Things (IoTs) to take decisions and run cognitive tasks locally. This research introduces a decentralized-control edge model where most computation and decisions are moved to the IoT level. The model aims at decreasing communication to the edge which in return enhances efficiency and decreases latency. The model also avoids data transfer which raises security and privacy risks. To examine the model, we developed SAFEMYRIDES, a scene-aware ridesharing monitoring system where smart phones are detecting violations at the runtime. Current real-time monitoring systems are costly and require continuous network connectivity. The system uses optimized deep learning that run locally on IoTs to detect violations in ridesharing and record violation incidences. The system would enhance safety and security in ridesharing without violating privacy.

Cognitive Computing (COC) aims to build highly cognitive machines with low computational resources that respond in real-time. However, scholarly literature shows varying research areas and various interpretations of COC. This calls for a cohesive architecture that delineates the nature of COC. We argue that if Herbert Simon considered the design science is the science of artificial, cognitive systems are the products of cognitive science or 'the newest science of the artificial'. Therefore, building a conceptual basis for COC is an essential step into prospective cognitive computing-based systems. This paper proposes an architecture of COC through analyzing the literature on COC using a myriad of statistical analysis methods. Then, we compare the statistical analysis results with previous qualitative analysis results to confirm our findings. The study also comprehensively surveys the recent research on COC to identify the state of the art and connect the advances in varied research disciplines in COC. The study found that there are three underlaying computing paradigms, Von-Neuman, Neuromorphic Engineering and Quantum Computing, that comprehensively complement the structure of cognitive computation. The research discuss possible applications and open research directions under the COC umbrella.

Reading comprehension of legal text can be a particularly challenging task due to the length and complexity of legal clauses and a shortage of expert-annotated datasets. To address this challenge, we introduce the Merger Agreement Understanding Dataset (MAUD), an expert-annotated reading comprehension dataset based on the American Bar Association's 2021 Public Target Deal Points Study, with over 39,000 examples and over 47,000 total annotations. Our fine-tuned Transformer baselines show promising results, with models performing well above random on most questions. However, on a large subset of questions, there is still room for significant improvement. As the only expert-annotated merger agreement dataset, MAUD is valuable as a benchmark for both the legal profession and the NLP community.

The application of deep learning algorithms to financial data is difficult due to heavy non-stationarities which can lead to over-fitted models that underperform under regime changes. Using the Numerai tournament data set as a motivating example, we propose a machine learning pipeline for trading market-neutral stock portfolios based on tabular data which is robust under changes in market conditions. We evaluate various machine-learning models, including Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) and Neural Networks with and without simple feature engineering, as the building blocks for the pipeline. We find that GBDT models with dropout display high performance, robustness and generalisability with relatively low complexity and reduced computational cost. We then show that online learning techniques can be used in post-prediction processing to enhance the results. In particular, dynamic feature neutralisation, an efficient procedure that requires no retraining of models and can be applied post-prediction to any machine learning model, improves robustness by reducing drawdown in volatile market conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the creation of model ensembles through dynamic model selection based on recent model performance leads to improved performance over baseline by improving the Sharpe and Calmar ratios. We also evaluate the robustness of our pipeline across different data splits and random seeds with good reproducibility of results.

In this work, we address the problem of unsupervised moving object segmentation (MOS) in 4D LiDAR data recorded from a stationary sensor, where no ground truth annotations are involved. Deep learning-based state-of-the-art methods for LiDAR MOS strongly depend on annotated ground truth data, which is expensive to obtain and scarce in existence. To close this gap in the stationary setting, we propose a novel 4D LiDAR representation based on multivariate time series that relaxes the problem of unsupervised MOS to a time series clustering problem. More specifically, we propose modeling the change in occupancy of a voxel by a multivariate occupancy time series (MOTS), which captures spatio-temporal occupancy changes on the voxel level and its surrounding neighborhood. To perform unsupervised MOS, we train a neural network in a self-supervised manner to encode MOTS into voxel-level feature representations, which can be partitioned by a clustering algorithm into moving or stationary. Experiments on stationary scenes from the Raw KITTI dataset show that our fully unsupervised approach achieves performance that is comparable to that of supervised state-of-the-art approaches.

Automated text analysis has become a widely used tool in political science. In this research, we use a BERT model trained on German party manifestos to identify the individual parties' contribution to the coalition agreement of 2021.